Kamis, 07 Mei 2015

Adjectives Adverbs

Adjectives Adverbs

A Son of Football Calls His Mother

DOYLESTOWN, Pa. — A mother sat at the edge of her bed. Angel figurines gazed down from a shelf, and a wooden sign on the wall offered inspirational words about life and love. They provided no comfort. She was on the edge, cellphone pressed to her ear.
This fraught conversation with her son had started as a quarrel over his scatterbrain ways. A Dartmouth graduate, a decade out of college, should be able to balance his checkbook. But not Patrick, whose troubles in navigating everyday life frustrated everyone. x Patrick.
His mother, Karen Kinzle Zegel, sent him a maternal text message to calm down, all will be well. He sent a quick response that, if you knew Patrick Risha at this stage, reflected either bristling anger or unnerving apathy: I am calm.
Now her son was on the phone again, saying disturbing things in a casual tone.
As she looks back on that late night last September, their conversation wasn’t just about a measly $400 bank overdraft. It was about football. The word was never uttered, but that’s what this was really about. Football.
Patrick Risha was born into a football family in a football-first community: Pennsylvania’s Monongahela Valley, where the pacifiers might as well be mouth guards.
His mountainous father, an educator named Pat Risha, played college football and earned renown in the Mon Valley as the coach at Clairton High School who specialized in motivating disadvantaged students. You’ll succeed if you have heart, he’d shout. Players felt honored just to be hit by his saliva.
One day Risha asked Karen Kinzle, a petite school nutritionist, on a date. Then she didn’t hear from him for two months, only to find out later the reason: football playoffs.
“I should have known then that the marriage was doomed,” she jokes.
Their two children, Patrick and Amanda, grew up midsentence in a never-ending football conversation. It was all about the big game Friday night, then defensive adjustments for the next game, then field conditions for the next, on and on. In the summer they vacationed at football camp; Dad and his assistants in one bunkhouse, Mom and the kids in another.
At 6, Patrick was the Clairton mascot, wearing oversize pads as wide as he was long. At 10, he was a Mighty Mite in the Mon Valley Midget Football League. He was the kid forever asking: Do you think I have heart, Dad?
He became a regional celebrity as a running back at Elizabeth Forward High School. The Horse, he was called, grinding out yardage with his team on his back, then walking off the field helmetless and revealed, a gridiron prince awash in mud, sweat and pride.
Newspapers trumpeted his exploits. “Risha Runs Over Titans.” “Warriors, Risha Outlast Cougars.” “Warriors Ride Risha Into W.P.I.A.L. Playoffs.” “Risha Rolls.”
His mother wore his jersey, cheering as he carried the ball like the precious baby he once had been, tucked, secure. His little sister prayed for him to rise from every tackle, unhurt, so that he could keep on banging and spinning like a human top. The family lived for these American nights.
 “It was football,” Amanda says. “It was what we did.”
His mother remembers the external cost of all those games and practices, his entire body, she says, “like a piece of meat.”
But at times it seemed something was going on internally as well: the occasional fits of rage over nothing; that day he swallowed a bottle of Tylenol after being grounded for drinking.
All aberrations, it was decided, in the arc of a smart, well-mannered teenager with Ivy League dreams.
After high school, Patrick attended Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts for a year — where he starred, of course, in football — and got accepted to Dartmouth. It looked as if his dedication to the game had paid off, his future secured.
He graduated in 2006 with a degree in government and a lingering disappointment in his up-and-down college career, which included a back injury that introduced him to painkillers. Still, he was known as a solid teammate and an aggressive competitor.
“A pounding running back,” recalls Rich Walton, a teammate who later married Amanda. “He just loved the contact.”
But, again, there were signs that something was off. A gregarious guy who loved to shock preppies with his gritty Pennsylvania persona was now reclusive. A student who could write a lengthy paper with ease now struggled to jot down notes. He began taking Adderall for attention deficit disorder, but no dosage could lock in his focus.
The Horse returned to the Mon Valley, unable to carry himself. He gambled online. He took painkillers. He spent money he didn’t have. He had fits of anger that overshadowed his big-hearted nature. Most of all, he seemed overwhelmed by the prospect of paying a bill or updating a cellphone plan.
“It was just hard to relate to,” Amanda says. “I’d think, ‘Is he lazy?’ And I would just end up doing it for him.”
One story in the lore of this new Patrick stands out. In a single week in October 2010, his sister married his former teammate; his longtime girlfriend gave birth to his son, whom they named Peyton (after, yes, Manning); and his father, by then a controversial local power broker, died. It was a lot for anyone to take in.
Several months later, he learned that his sister and brother-in-law never received their prepaid wedding video. His response: to break into the videographer’s home with a sledgehammer and reclaim their wedding video and those of several other couples.
The intent behind this criminal act was honorable in a way, even sweet. That video contained his divorced parents together, his little sister’s big day and some of his father’s last moments. But the break-in also reflected a disregard for consequences. Really, Patrick, a sledgehammer?
His guilty plea to a misdemeanor provided no reawakening of the old Patrick. He seemed even less focused, less aware of consequence. One day he showed his mother a few boxes containing six months of unopened mail.
His family began to wonder: Maybe all this had to do with football. Patrick had been overheard saying he once came off a high school field with no memory of having scored two touchdowns.
But now her Patrick was on the line from the Mon Valley, 300 miles west of her Doylestown bedroom, where she sat on the edge. He was talking flat about standing on a ladder with the leash for Diesel, his black Lab, around his neck. He was dismissing her pleas to see all the good in his life and she was trying to discern between bluff and truth and then. ...
Patrick?
Examinations of the brain of Patrick Risha, 32, at the University of Pittsburgh and Boston University revealed chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or C.T.E., the degenerative disease caused by repeated blows to the head that has been found in the brains of dozens of former football players. C.T.E. has been linked to depression, impulsive actions and short-term memory loss, among other symptoms.
Karen Kinzle Zegel is 61, remarried, and getting on with things; she
recently began a website (
www.StopCTE.org) for a foundation she has established in Patrick’s name. She is fine until she isn’t. All those Friday night regrets.
After her final words with Patrick last fall, she would try to lose herself by doing some gardening behind her townhouse, only to hear the resounding cheers of fans at another Central Bucks High School West football game. It was all she could do to keep from hustling over there to sound a warning.

She knows the cheering will return in a few months. This time, she will go. She will go, and talk to the mothers.

Verb as Complement

Verb as Complement
Nepal earthquake offers hints of worse to come
On April 25, a major earthquake devastated Nepal. The shaking collapsed buildings, triggered avalanches and killed at least 5,000 people.
Unfortunately, the magnitude-7.8 quake won’t be the last to hit this region of southern Asia. Even larger quakes could strike to the west, scientists warn. The same goes for east of Nepal, in nearby Bhutan.
Earthquakes happen along fractures in Earth’s crust, called faults. Some faults mark the boundaries between giant slabs, called tectonic plates. These plates make up Earth’s uppermost layer. Nepal sits atop the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
The coming together of these two plates also uplifts the Himalayan mountain range. This range’s soaring peaks include the world’s tallest mountain, Mount Everest. But as plates slide and push against each other, some stress will develop. And it keeps building until parts of Earth’s crust slide or slip. This triggers a quake.
The recent Nepal earthquake relieved some stress along just one stretch of that fault. In time, other segments along that boundary between the plates could produce even larger quakes, scientists warn.
The size and location of future quakes in the region will depend in part on the shape of the fault responsible for the Nepal quake. Right now, researchers don’t fully understand that shape. However, new research has provided some glimpses. And it suggests that some areas could be even more at risk of strong quakes than previously thought.
“The hazard isn’t gone,” says Kristin Morell. She’s a geologist of the University of Victoria in Canada. “The Himalayas are a very long mountain belt,” she notes. “And strain is still building up in all the other regions from Pakistan all the way to eastern Tibet.”
Slipping slowly, until wham!
For around 50 million years, the Indian tectonic plate has been slipping under the Eurasian Plate. The Indian plate slips at a rate of about 15 to 20 millimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) each year. This slow slide doesn’t always go smoothly. The Indian plate dives downward at different angles along various parts of the boundary between the plates. In some places, the plate is almost level. At others, it plunges at an angle of more than 30 degrees.
Steeper angles increase friction between the plates. And with friction, stress builds up. The energy can accumulate over centuries — only to be released in seconds during an earthquake. The spot where the Nepal quake began, called its epicenter, was along one of these strongly sloping sections.
When an earthquake hits, it doesn’t strike along the full stretch of a fault. Scientists believe this is because of physical barriers along the fault that can halt the movement. These barriers can include locations where the angle between two plates changes quickly. In general, the larger an uninterrupted fault segment, the more powerful the earthquakes it can produce.
At places, the Himalayan fault hides tens of kilometers (miles) below ground. Experts know little about large sections of this fault. Luckily researchers have indirect ways to “eye” the fault’s layout. The buried fault can cause changes on the surface above. For example, where the Indian plate dips steeply, it pushes the overlying ground upward. This uplift steepens the terrain. And that causes erosion. Streams here cut deeply into the ground too.
By looking at the surface, Morell and her colleagues have been able to make out the structure of part of the fault. This segment lies west of where the recent earthquake struck. The area includes a spot where the angle between the plates rapidly steepens. A magnitude 8 or greater quake could happen on either side of this transition, the researchers reported online March 12 in the journal Lithosphere. (The earthquake scale is not linear, so a magnitude 8 quake would actually be at least 1.5 times more powerful than a 7.8 quake.)
A separate research team used a similar technique to look at a fault farther east. That fault is in the nation of Bhutan. There, the experts uncovered a wide segment of fault that appears to have no boundaries. That means this large segment of uninterrupted fault has the potential to produce even larger earthquakes than previously expected. Details on this fault will appear in a future issue of Geophysical Research Letters.
“If there is a big earthquake in Bhutan, it could be larger than the recent earthquake in Nepal,” says coauthor Rodolphe Cattin. He is a geophysicist at the University of Montpellier in France. (Geophysics is the study of matter and energy on Earth and how they interact.)
A fault to the west of the Nepal quake’s epicenter could be prepped for a big quake as well, says Simon Klemperer. He's a geophysicist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif. In fact, that fault segment is at least twice as long as the one that recently rattled the country’s eastern side. This western segment has been building stress since its last major quake in 1505.
“The earthquake I worry about is not the one that happened” on April 25, says Klemperer. “It’s the one that could be a magnitude 8.6 to the west.”
Power Words
(for more about Power Words, click here)
angle  The space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or surfaces at or close to the point where they meet.
earthquake    A sudden and sometimes violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within Earth’s crust or of volcanic action.
crust    (in geology) Earth’s outermost surface, usually made from dense, solid rock.
epicenter   The underground location along a fault where an earthquake starts.
erosion  The process that removes rock and soil from one spot on Earth’s surface and then deposits the material elsewhere. Erosion can be exceptionally fast or exceedingly slow. Causes of erosion include wind, water (including rainfall and floods), the scouring action of glaciers, and the repeated cycles of freezing and thawing that often occur in some areas of the world.
fault  In geology, a fracture along which there is movement of part of Earth’s rocky, outermost shell, or lithosphere. 
fracture    (noun) A break. (verb) To break something and induce cracks or a splitting apart of something.
friction  The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over or through another material (such as a fluid or a gas). Friction generally causes a heating, which can damage the surface of the materials rubbing against one another.
geology  The study of Earth’s physical structure and substance, its history and the processes that act on it. People who work in this field are known as geologists. Planetary geology is the science of studying the same things about other planets.
geophysics    The study of matter and energy on Earth and how they interact.
plate tectonics  The study of massive moving pieces that make up Earth’s outer layer, which is called the lithosphere, and the processes that cause those rock masses to rise from inside Earth, travel along its surface, and sink back down.
range  The full extent or distribution of something. For instance, a plant or animal’s range is the area over which it naturally exists. (in math or for measurements) The extent to which variation in values is possible.
strain (in physics) The forces or stresses that seek to twist or otherwise deform a rigid or semi-rigid object.
stress (in physics) Pressure or tension exerted on a material object.
tectonic plates  The gigantic slabs — some spanning thousands of kilometers (or miles) across — that make up Earth’s outer layer.